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Así funciona el sistema que logró teletransportar el primer objeto de la Tierra a la órbita - INVDES

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Así funciona el sistema que logró teletransportar el primer objeto de la Tierra a la órbita - INVDES

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Así funciona el sistema que logró teletransportar el primer objeto de la Tierra a la órbita



Uno de los nuevos usos de los fotones individuales consiste en enviarlos cargados de información cuántica a otra ubicación. Esta técnica, conocida como comunicación cuántica, aprovecha las leyes de la física para asegurarse de que la información no ha sido interceptada por ningún espía.
Pero encontrar formas de enviar esta información cuántica por todo el mundo es todo un desafío porque la información es frágil. Cualquier interacción entre los fotones y su entorno la destruye. Las partículas tampoco pueden viajar más de 100 kilómetros sin que se destruya la información cuántica que transportan.
Por eso, un equipo de físicos chinos han ideado una solución alternativa: enviar los fotones a un satélite en órbita, que los retransmite a otra ubicación en la superficie de la Tierra. De esta manera, su incómodo viaje a través de la atmósfera se minimiza. Si los fotones se transmiten desde estaciones terrestres a una gran altitud, la mayor parte de su viaje tiene lugar en el vacío del espacio libre.
Pero existe otro problema. La comunicación cuántica requiere detectores capaces de captar y medir los fotones individuales. En los últimos años, los físicos han diseñado y construido dispositivos muy sensibles capaces de hacerlo. Sin embargo, esta hipersensibilidad los hace vulnerables a cualquier tipo de ruido de fondo, cuya intensidad puede superar a la señal de los propios fotones. Y el espacio está lleno de ruidos no deseados en forma de partículas de alta energía, temperaturas extremas y luz externa proveniente de diferentes fuentes como el Sol.
Construir detectores de un solo fotón capaces de operar en este entorno es un reto importante. Por eso, no es de extrañar que los físicos lleven mucho tiempo pensando en este tema. El investigador Meng Yang y sus colegas de la Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de China en Hefei afirman haber resuelto el problema. Incluso han probado su máquina en los últimos dos años en un satélite en órbita y aseguran que funciona bien.
El detector del equipo se basa en un fenómeno conocido como ruptura por avalancha, que ocurre en los chips semiconductores bajo algunas circunstancias especiales. Un semiconductor como el silicio conduce la corriente eléctrica en forma de electrones libres y agujeros que pueden moverse a través de la red principal bajo la influencia del campo eléctrico. En circunstancias normales, estos portadores de carga están sujetos a la red y, por lo tanto, no pueden moverse. En estas circunstancias, el material actúa como aislante.
Pero si un electrón se libera, quizás por fluctuaciones térmicas o por un fotón accidental, puede viajar a través de la estructura, creando corriente. En estas circunstancias, el material se convierte en conductor. Un solo electrón liberado de esta manera crea una pequeña corriente difícil de detectar. El truco mediante la ruptura por avalancha consiste en ajustar la tensión para que acelere rápidamente al electrón liberado a velocidades suficientemente altas para liberar a otros electrones conductores. Esto crea una reacción en cadena, una avalancha, que da como resultado una corriente mucho más intensa y más fácil de detectar.
En los últimos años, los físicos han hecho que estos dispositivos sean tan sensibles que un solo fotón de longitud de onda específica es capaz de desencadenar este tipo de avalancha. El resultado es un detector de un solo fotón capaz de captar la mayoría de los fotones que llegan hasta él.
No obstante, esta sensibilidad implica algo más. Es fácil ver cómo una partícula de alta energía puede atravesar un fotodiodo de silicio, expulsar los electrones y desencadenar una avalancha. Pero en el espacio, este tipo de efecto crea mucho ruido de fondo, llamado tasa de recuento oscuro, que supera la señal de los fotones que los físicos intentan medir.
La tarea de Yang y su equipo fue encontrar formas de proteger y mejorar el rendimiento de los detectores comerciales de fotones individuales para que puedan funcionar en el espacio.
Su primera solución fue sencilla: rodear el detector con escudo que bloquea las partículas de alta energía. Para lograrlo hay que encontrar un delicado equilibrio porque el escudo es pesado y, por lo tanto, caro de poner en órbita. La interacción entre el escudo y las partículas de alta energía también puede crear lluvias de partículas secundarias que empeoran aún más la tasa de recuento oscuro.
Finalmente, Yang y sus compañeros se conformaron con un escudo que consta de dos capas. La capa exterior es una lámina de aluminio de 12 milímetros, y la capa interior es una lámina de cuatro milímetros de tántalo, un elemento mucho más denso y pesado. El escudo resultante reduce el nivel de radiación en un factor de 2,5. También actúa como aislante térmico, lo que permite al equipo enfriar los detectores a -15 °C. Esto también reduce los recuentos oscuros al minimizar las fluctuaciones térmicas en el detector de silicio.
Por último, el equipo desarrolló unos controladores electrónicos que apagan los detectores durante los períodos más vulnerables al ruido de fondo, una técnica conocida como resistencia después del impulso.
El efecto de todos estos enfoques fue significativo. Para los detectores de fotón único sin protección, la tasa de recuento oscuro esperada es superior a 200 recuentos por segundo. Un número demasiado alto para la comunicación cuántica en el espacio. Sin embargo, los detectores modificados tienen una tasa de recuento oscuro de solo 0,54 recuentos por segundo. Una cifra es dos órdenes de magnitud mejor.
En 2016, Yang y sus compañeros lanzaron sus detectores a bordo del satélite chino Micius, un demostrador de tecnología cuántica que ha logrado una impresionante serie de avances. Por ejemplo, los detectores fueron un componente clave para teletransportar el primer objeto desde la Tierra a la órbita, un único fotón en 2017. El satélite también permitió la primera videollamada con criptografía cuántica entre dos continentes.
Estos experimentos han preparado el escenario para una nueva generación de comunicación cuántica basada en el espacio. Yang detalla: “Nuestros detectores de fotones únicos abren nuevas ventanas de oportunidades para la investigación espacial y para las aplicaciones en las comunicaciones ópticas en el espacio profundo, como la telemetría por láser de fotones individuales, así como para probar los principios fundamentales de la física en el espacio”.
Mientras tanto, el resto del mundo de la física cuántica los mira con envidia. China se ha posicionado como claro líder de la comunicación cuántica basada en el espacio, aunque con la ayuda de los investigadores europeos en áreas clave. Por su parte, Europa está trabajando en un demostrador de tecnología cuántica en órbita llamado Misión de Seguridad y Criptografía, o SAGA, como parte de un plan mucho más amplio para crear una red de comunicaciones cuánticas en todo el continente. Pero todavía no se ha establecido una fecha de lanzamiento. Mientras, los planes de Estados Unidos se han estancado. En 2012, la agencia militar de investigación de tecnología DARPA empezó un programa llamado Quiness para probar distintas tecnologías de comunicación cuántica en el espacio. Pero el programa, y el campo en general, ha sufrido una grave falta de fondos.
Fuente: technologyreview.es

Descubren un nuevo tipo de célula que causa la artritis reumatoide - INVDES

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Descubren un nuevo tipo de célula que causa la artritis reumatoide - INVDES

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Descubren un nuevo tipo de célula que causa la artritis reumatoide


Investigadores de la Universidad de Osaka (Japón) han descubierto un tipo de célula que causa la artritis reumatoide hasta ahora desconocida dentro de las articulaciones artríticas que algún día podría ser un objetivo para nuevos tratamientos, según publican en la revista ‘Nature Immunology’. La artritis es una enfermedad crónica común en la cual las articulaciones se inflaman, lo que provoca rigidez y dolor que a menudo pueden ser debilitantes. La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una forma autoinmune de la enfermedad, que surge cuando las células inmunes atacan el tejido que recubre las articulaciones.
Existe la necesidad de nuevas opciones de tratamiento, ya que las terapias actuales solo alivian los síntomas o, en el mejor de los casos, ralentizan la enfermedad. Hay dos principales culpables celulares que contribuyen a la AR. Las primeras son las células inmunes, que liberan sustancias químicas inflamatorias alrededor del tejido de las articulaciones afectadas. El segundo son los osteoclastos, células especializadas que secretan ácidos y enzimas para descomponer los huesos. Los osteoclastos normalmente ayudan a remodelar el hueso sano, pero en la AR su capacidad de disolución ósea se acelera y daña las articulaciones. “Los medicamentos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad disponibles en la actualidad actúan predominantemente contra la respuesta inflamatoria de las células inmunes”, explica Masaru Ishii, profesor de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Osaka y autor correspondiente del estudio. “Las terapias dirigidas a los osteoclastos son limitadas, en gran parte porque no sabemos lo suficiente sobre los osteoclastos involucrados en la AR”, comenta. “Estábamos interesados en comprender si estas células son de alguna manera diferentes de los osteoclastos involucrados en los procesos fisiológicos normales”, añade.
Los osteoclastos son esquivos y residen a lo largo de la superficie del hueso debajo de las capas de cartílago y tejido. Esto los hace difíciles de aislar en el laboratorio, incluso con modelos manejables como los ratones. Para recoger las células, el grupo de investigación tuvo que desarrollar una técnica quirúrgica que les permitiera extraer osteoclastos de los fémures de ratones artríticos. Con los osteoclastos de forma segura en la mano, pudieron reunir nuevas ideas sobre la AR. “Rastreamos con precisión cómo se desarrollan los osteoclastos inductores de artritis a partir de sus células precursoras indiferenciadas”, explica Tetsuo Hasegawa, autor principal del estudio. “Si bien los osteoclastos normales se derivan de células madre en la médula ósea, descubrimos que los osteoclastos involucrados en la AR provienen de precursores transmitidos por la sangre –prosigue–. Los precursores circulantes ingresan a la articulación y se diferencian en un subtipo único de osteoclastos, que son más grandes y tienen marcadores distintos que no se ven en otros osteoclastos”.
Las células recién descubiertas, apodadas “atoM” (Macrofagos Osteoclastogénicos asociados a la Artritis, por sus siglas en inglés), tienen propiedades que podrían ser explotables en la búsqueda de nuevos tratamientos. En un ejemplo destacado por el estudio, los investigadores encontraron que los AtoM tienen altos niveles de una proteína (llamada FoxM1) que se sabe que hace que las células invadan el tejido cercano. Especularon que al deshacerse de esta proteína distintiva, dividiendo el AtoM, si se quiere, tal vez podrían calmar sus tendencias artríticas. De hecho, esto es lo que encontraron: cuando FoxM1 fue alterado química o genéticamente en AtoMs, los ratones artríticos mostraron una reducción de la destrucción ósea en sus articulaciones. “Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los osteoclastos involucrados en la AR tienen propiedades distintas que los hacen susceptibles a la orientación terapéutica –señala el coautor Masaru Ishii–. Si bien todavía hay mucho que aprender sobre esta clase de células, creemos que el descubrimiento podría abrir la puerta a nuevas vías de tratamiento”.
Fuente: europapress.es

Nuevo estudio revela que las abejas saben nadar y sobreviven hasta 10 minutos en el agua - INVDES

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Nuevo estudio revela que las abejas saben nadar y sobreviven hasta 10 minutos en el agua - INVDES

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Nuevo estudio revela que las abejas saben nadar y sobreviven hasta 10 minutos en el agua


Seguro que alguna vez has visto a una abeja flotando en el agua y agitándose desesperadamente en un intento por evitar morir ahogada, ¿verdad? Pues bien, resulta que los movimientos del pobre insecto no son tan desesperados como parecen. Un nuevo estudio acaba de revelar que las abejas saben nadar.
Un equipo de investigadores del Instituto Tecnológico de California acaba de descubrir algo bastante sorprendente. Los movimientos de las abejas que caen al agua no son casuales. Al analizar las ondas que generan con las alas mediante cámaras de alta velocidad, los ingenieros han descubierto que estas generan un impulso diminuto pero constante en la misma dirección. Literalmente nadan para intentar ponerse a salvo.
Cuando una abeja cae al agua, sus alas quedan atrapadas en la superficie del líquido, lo que anula completamente su capacidad para volar. Sin embargo, el animalito puede seguir moviéndolas, y lo hace en un ángulo diferente al que ejerce cuando está volando.
Ese movimiento genera un diminuto impulso de apenas 20 millonésimas de Newton en la parte posterior del cuerpo del animal. Suficiente como para desplazarse poco a poco con el objetivo de intentar alcanzar la orilla y ponerse a salvo. Más que nadar, es casi como si se desplazaran sobre el agua de una forma similar a los barcos hidroala. Tras probar con más de 33 insectos, los investigadores descubrieron que las abejas pueden aguantar hasta 10 minutos antes de sucumbir al cansancio y ahogarse. Tras cada prueba, por cierto, los investigadores retiraban a las abejas del agua con ayuda de un diminuto arnés para permitir que se se recuperaran sin morir ahogadas.
Las abejas no tienen pulmones como los mamíferos. Su sistema respiratorio es traqueal. El oxígeno entra a través de una serie de aberturas en los laterales de su abdomen llamadas estigmas, y de ahí se distribuye por las tráqueas a todos los órganos. Los pequeños insectos pueden abrir y cerrar estas aberturas en función del oxígeno disponible. ¿Por qué las abejas caen al agua en primer lugar? La respuesta es por accidente. El ingeniero Chris Roth, principal autor del estudio, explica:
En los días calurosos, las abejas necesitan refrigerarse, y para ello recurren al agua. Cuando las temperaturas suben, las obreras salen a buscar agua para la colonia en lugar de polen. Encuentran una fuente de agua y beben para almacenar el líquido en un depósito especial. A veces, sin embargo, caen al agua y si no logran ponerse a salvo mueren ahogadas.
Es la primera vez que se registra un sistema de locomoción semejante. Aparte de aportar un detalle fascinante en la vida de estos insectos, el descubrimiento puede ser de mucha utilidad a la hora de diseñar nuevos robots voladores capaces de desplazarse también por el agua.
Fuente. es.gizmodo.com

Desarrollan una célula elástica y flexible que produce electricidad y funciona con sudor - INVDES

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Desarrollan una célula elástica y flexible que produce electricidad y funciona con sudor - INVDES

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Desarrollan una célula elástica y flexible que produce electricidad y funciona con sudor


Investigadores del CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique) de la Université Grenoble Alpes y de University of San Diego (EEUU), han desarrollado y patentado un nuevo dispositivo flexible y elástico, capaz de producir energía eléctrica mediante la transformación de los compuestos presentes en el sudor de la piel. Esta célula es capaz de mantener encendida de forma continua una luz LED, y podría abrir la puerta para el desarrollo de dispositivos electrónicos que se puedan llevar como la ropa, que funcionen como biodispositivos autónomos y respetuosos con el medioambiente. Esta investigación ha sido publicada hoy en la revista Advanced Functional Materials.
Los usos potenciales para dispositivos electrónicos portátiles continúan incrementando, especialmente para la monitorización médica y deportiva. Estos dispositivos requieren el desarrollo de una fuente de energía confiable y eficiente, que pueda ser fácilmente integrada en el cuerpo humano. El uso de “biocombustibles” presentes en los líquidos orgánicos humanos ha sido siempre una vía prometedora.
Científicos de CNRS / Université Grenoble Alpes especializados en bioelectroquímica han colaborado con un equipo estadounidense, de University of San Diego (California) compuesto por expertos en nanomáquinas, biosensores y nanobioelectrónica. Juntos desarrollaron un material conductor flexible que consiste en nanotubos de carbono, polímeros reticulados y enzimas unidas por conectores elásticos, que se imprimen directamente sobre el material mediante serigrafía.
La célula de biocombustible, que se adapta a las deformaciones de la piel, produce energía eléctrica a través de la reducción de oxígeno y la oxidación del lactato presente en la transpiración. Una vez aplicada al brazo, utiliza un amplificador de voltaje para alimentar continuamente una luz LED. Es relativamente simple y barato de producir, con el costo principal de producir enzimas que transformen los compuestos que se encuentran en el sudor. Los investigadores buscan ahora amplificar el voltaje producido por esta célula de biocombustible, para aumentar dispositivos portátiles más grandes.
Fuente: fantasymundo.com

Logra biotecnóloga mexicana remover arsénico del agua a partir de nanopartículas magnéticas - INVDES

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Logra biotecnóloga mexicana remover arsénico del agua a partir de nanopartículas magnéticas - INVDES

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Logra biotecnóloga mexicana remover arsénico del agua a partir de nanopartículas magnéticas


Uno de los principales problemas que afecta la calidad de agua de consumo humano a nivel mundial es la presencia de arsénico (As), dicho metal representa una amenaza a la salud, ya que a concentraciones elevadas es dañino y se considera carcinogénico. Cerca del 80 por ciento de intoxicaciones de As se debe al consumo de carne, pescado y pollo.
Por esa razón una bióloga mexicana egresada del Instituto Tecnológico Valle de Guadiana realizó una investigación en donde empleó nanopartículas magnéticas sintetizadas a partir de hierro y cobre para remover cerca del 95 por ciento de arsénico (III y V) en muestras de agua del estado de Campeche y contaminada con (As) en el laboratorio.
La mexicana Corazón Morales Amaya, quien lideró el estudio, explicó que para sintetizar las nanopartículas que adsorberían, es decir, atrajeran y acumularan las moléculas de arsénico del agua, se utilizó el método de coprecipitación química, el cual es una mezcla de sales de hierro y cobre que se sometió a calentamiento y agitación constante en un medio básico.
“Durante la experimentación se ajustó el tiempo y la temperatura para determinar en cuánto se logra la mayor remoción del metal. Es importante considerar el tamaño de las nanopartículas, ya que entre más pequeñas mejor, dado a que si se obtiene un tamaño mayor a diez nanómetros la eficacia en la remoción de los contaminantes del agua disminuye. En esta investigación se obtuvieron tamaños de 1.98 y 3.02 nanómetros”, profundizó la también Maestra en Ciencias en Ingeniería del agua.
Una vez sintetizados los nanomateriales se utilizaron en forma de “ferrofluidos nanoparticulados” que dicho en otras palabras, es una “sopa de nanopartículas magnéticas” que tiene como fin lograr una mayor capacidad para adsorber el As situado en las muestras de agua previamente obtenida y contaminada en laboratorio.
Para lograrlo se agregó un mililitro (ml) del ferrofluido en diez mililitros del vital líquido con arsénico. Posteriormente se midieron los resultados en el primer minuto, allí se adsorbió la mayor parte, cerca del 70 por ciento de arsénico. Sin embargo, se midió hasta el 480 minuto, y conforme pasó el tiempo hubo mayor remoción del material tóxico, cerca del 98 por ciento.
Cabe señalar que los nanomateriales magnéticos presentaron mayor afinidad para remover el Arsénico (III) que es el considerado inorgánico y el más tóxico. No obstante también se obtuvieron buenos porcentajes de remoción de As (V) y se lograron resultados hasta por debajo de la norma oficial mexicana. Por lo que a decir de la investigadora estos nanomateriales pueden considerarse una tecnología alternativa y accesible para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con metales pesados, específicamente para As (III).
La investigación, que tiene tres años de haber comenzado se realizó en el Centro Universitario de Tonalá perteneciente a la Universidad de Guadalajara y se hizo en colaboración con la Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, en Campeche.
Actualmente se busca una remoción de otros tipos de contaminantes presentes en el agua para consumo humano con este tipo de nanomateriales en el Centro de Investigaciones de Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV). (Agencia ID)

Nuevo catalizador produce hidrógeno del agua del mar con eficiencia - INVDES

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Nuevo catalizador produce hidrógeno del agua del mar con eficiencia - INVDES

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Nuevo catalizador produce hidrógeno del agua del mar con eficiencia


Investigadores de la Universidad de Houston han informado en ‘Nature Communications’ del desarrollo de un nuevo catalizador que produce eficientemente hidrógeno a partir del agua de mar.
El agua de mar es uno de los recursos más abundantes en la tierra, siendo una promesa tanto como fuente de hidrógeno, deseable como fuente de energía limpia, como de agua potable en climas áridos. Pero a pesar de que las tecnologías de división del agua capaces de producir hidrógeno a partir de agua dulce se han vuelto más efectivas, el agua de mar sigue siendo un desafío.
Ahora, investigadores han informado de un avance significativo con un nuevo catalizador de reacción de evolución de oxígeno que, combinado con un catalizador de reacción de evolución de hidrógeno, ha logrado densidades de corriente capaces de soportar demandas industriales, al tiempo que requiere un voltaje relativamente bajo para comenzar la electrólisis del agua de mar.
Los investigadores aseguran que el dispositivo, compuesto por nitruros metálicos no nobles de bajo coste, logra evitar muchos de los obstáculos que han limitado los intentos anteriores de producir hidrógeno o agua potable a bajo coste a partir del agua de mar.
El director del Centro de Superconductividad de Texas en la Universidad de Houston, el catedrático Zhifeng Ren, también autor correspondiente del artículo, señala que un obstáculo importante ha sido la falta de un catalizador que pueda dividir efectivamente el agua de mar para producir hidrógeno sin liberar iones libres de sodio, cloro, calcio y otros componentes del agua de mar, que una vez liberados pueden asentarse en el catalizador y dejarlo inactivo.
Los iones de cloro son especialmente problemáticos, en parte porque el cloro requiere un voltaje ligeramente mayor para liberarse del que se necesita para liberar hidrógeno.
También fundionaría con aguas residuales
Para el trabajo, los investigadores probaron los catalizadores con agua de mar extraída de la Bahía de Galveston en la costa de Texas. No obstante, según Ren, el catalizador también funcionaría con aguas residuales, proporcionando otra fuente de hidrógeno del agua que de otro modo sería inutilizable sin un tratamiento costoso.
“La mayoría de las personas usan agua dulce limpia para producir hidrógeno mediante la división del agua –comenta en un comunicado–. Pero la disponibilidad de agua dulce limpia es limitada”.
Para abordar los desafíos, los investigadores diseñaron y sintetizaron un catalizador tridimensional de reacción de evolución de oxígeno núcleo-cubierta utilizando nitruro de metal de transición, con nanopartículas hechas de un compuesto de nitruro de níquel-hierro y nanobarras de níquel-molibdeno-nitruro sobre espuma de níquel porosa.
El primer autor del trabajo, Luo Yu, investigador postdoctoral en la Universidad de Houston que también está afiliado a la Central China Normal University, afirma que el nuevo catalizador de reacción de evolución de oxígeno se combinó con un catalizador de reacción de evolución de hidrógeno previamente reportado de nanobarras de níquel-molibdeno-nitruro.
Los catalizadores se integraron en un electrolizador alcalino de dos electrodos, que puede ser alimentado por calor residual a través de un dispositivo termoeléctrico o por una batería AA.
Los voltajes de célula requeridos para producir una densidad de corriente de 100 miliamperios por centímetro cuadrado (una medida de densidad de corriente, o mA cm-2) oscilaron entre 1.564 V y 1.581 V.
El voltaje es significativo, según indica Yu, porque si bien se requiere un voltaje de al menos 1.23 V para producir hidrógeno, el cloro se produce a un voltaje de 1.73 V, lo que significa que el dispositivo tenía que poder producir niveles significativos de densidad de corriente con un voltaje entre los dos niveles.
Fuente: EP

Laurentino Gomes: “Infelizmente, a história da escravidão é contada por pessoas brancas” | Brasil | EL PAÍS Brasil

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Laurentino Gomes: “Infelizmente, a história da escravidão é contada por pessoas brancas” | Brasil | EL PAÍS Brasil

Laurentino Gomes: “Infelizmente, a história da escravidão é contada por pessoas brancas”

Autor do livro ‘Escravidão’, jornalista diz que depoimentos e biografias sobre o tema são raras. Passado escravocrata manteve os negros na pobreza no Brasil, e requer segunda abolição, ele defende

São Paulo 20 NOV 2019 - 19:54 ART
O escritor Laurentino Gomes, autor do livro 'Escravidão'
O escritor Laurentino Gomes, autor do livro 'Escravidão'L.BELTRÃO

Laurentino Gomes: “A história da escravidão é contada por brancos”
Autor de Escravidão diz que biografias sobre o tema são raras. "Passado escravocrata manteve os negros na pobreza e requer segunda abolição"

A Amazônia também é negra | Brasil | EL PAÍS Brasil

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A Amazônia também é negra | Brasil | EL PAÍS Brasil

A Amazônia também é negra

Floresta abriga cerca de 150 das mais de 3.500 comunidades quilombolas do Brasil. Deputados estaduais e federais do Amapá fazem pressão por compra de territórios

Terra Do Meio (Amazônia) 20 NOV 2019 - 12:54 ART
Ísis Tatiane, liderança quilombola na Amazônia.
Ísis Tatiane, liderança quilombola na Amazônia. LILO CLARETO/ISA
A Amazônia também é negra
Floresta abriga cerca de 150 das mais de 3.500 comunidades quilombolas do Brasil. Deputados do Amapá fazem pressão por compra de territórios


NASA Scientists Confirm Water Vapor on Europa | NASA

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NASA Scientists Confirm Water Vapor on Europa | NASA



NASA Scientists Confirm 

Water Vapor on Europa

Images of Europa through time
On the left is a view of Europa taken from 2.9 million kilometers (1.8 million miles) away on March 2, 1979 by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. Next is a color image of Europa taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft during its close encounter on July 9, 1979. On the right is a view of Europa made from images taken by the Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s.
Credits: NASA/JPL
Forty years ago, a Voyager spacecraft snapped the first closeup images of Europa, one of Jupiter’s 79 moons. These revealed brownish cracks slicing the moon’s icy surface, which give Europa the look of a veiny eyeball. Missions to the outer solar system in the decades since have amassed enough additional information about Europa to make it a high-priority target of investigation in NASA’s search for life.
What makes this moon so alluring is the possibility that it may possess all of the ingredients necessary for life. Scientists have evidence that one of these ingredients, liquid water, is present under the icy surface and may sometimes erupt into space in huge geysers. But no one has been able to confirm the presence of water in these plumes by directly measuring the water molecule itself. Now, an international research team led out of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, has detected the water vapor for the first time above Europa’s surface. The team measured the vapor by peering at Europa through one of the world’s biggest telescopes in Hawaii.
Confirming that water vapor is present above Europa helps scientists better understand the inner workings of the moon. For example, it helps support an idea, of which scientists are confident, that there’s a liquid water ocean, possibly twice as big as Earth’s, sloshing beneath this moon’s miles-thick ice shell. Another source of water for the plumes, some scientists suspect, could be shallow reservoirs of melted water ice not far below Europa’s surface. It’s also possible that Jupiter’s strong radiation field is stripping water particles from Europa’s ice shell, though the recent investigation argued against this mechanism as the source of the observed water.
“Essential chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) and sources of energy, two of three requirements for life, are found all over the solar system. But the third — liquid water — is somewhat hard to find beyond Earth,” said Lucas Paganini, a NASA planetary scientist who led the water detection investigation. “While scientists have not yet detected liquid water directly, we’ve found the next best thing: water in vapor form.”
Paganini and his team reported in the journal Nature Astronomy on November 18 that they detected enough water releasing from Europa (5,202 pounds, or 2,360 kilograms, per second) to fill an Olympic-size swimming pool within minutes. Yet, the scientists also found that the water appears infrequently, at least in amounts large enough to detect from Earth, said Paganini: “For me, the interesting thing about this work is not only the first direct detection of water above Europa, but also the lack thereof within the limits of our detection method.”
Animation of water molecules at Europa
Water molecules emit specific frequencies of infrared light as they interact with solar radiation.
Credits: Michael Lentz/NASA Goddard
Indeed, Paganini’s team detected the faint yet distinct signal of water vapor just once throughout 17 nights of observations between 2016 and 2017. Looking at the moon from the W. M. Keck Observatory atop the dormant Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii, the scientists saw water molecules at Europa’s leading hemisphere, or the side of the moon that’s always facing in the direction of the moon’s orbit around Jupiter. (Europa, like Earth’s moon, is gravitationally locked to its host planet, so the leading hemisphere always faces the direction of the orbit, while the trailing hemisphere always faces in the opposite direction.)
They used a spectrograph at the Keck Observatory that measures the chemical composition of planetary atmospheres through the infrared light they emit or absorb. Molecules such as water emit specific frequencies of infrared light as they interact with solar radiation. 

Mounting Evidence for Water

Before the recent water vapor detection, there have been many tantalizing findings on Europa. The first came from NASA’s Galileo spacecraft, which measured perturbations in Jupiter’s magnetic field near Europa while orbiting the gas giant planet between 1995 and 2003. The measurements suggested to scientists that electrically conductive fluid, likely a salty ocean beneath Europa’s ice layer, was causing the magnetic disturbances. When researchers analyzed the magnetic disturbances more closely in 2018, they found evidence of possible plumes.
In the meantime, scientists announced in 2013 that they had used NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope to detect the chemical elements hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) — components of water (H2O) — in plume-like configurations in Europa’s atmosphere. And a few years later, other scientists used Hubble to gather more evidence of possible plume eruptions when they snapped photos of finger-like projections that appeared in silhouette as the moon passed in front of Jupiter.
“This first direct identification of water vapor on Europa is a critical confirmation of our original detections of atomic species, and it highlights the apparent sparsity of large plumes on this icy world” said Lorenz Roth, an astronomer and physicist from KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm who led the 2013 Hubble study and was a co-author of this recent investigation.
Roth’s research, along with other previous Europa findings, have only measured components of water above the surface. The trouble is that detecting water vapor at other worlds is challenging. Existing spacecraft have limited capabilities to detect it, and scientists using ground-based telescopes to look for water in deep space have to account for the distorting effect of water in Earth’s atmosphere. To minimize this effect, Paganini’s team used complex mathematical and computer modeling to simulate the conditions of Earth’s atmosphere so they could differentiate Earth’s atmospheric water from Europa’s in data returned by the Keck spectrograph.
“We performed diligent safety checks to remove possible contaminants in ground-based observations,” said Avi Mandell, a Goddard planetary scientist on Paganini’s team. “But, eventually, we’ll have to get closer to Europa to see what’s really going on.”
Scientists will soon be able get close enough to Europa to settle their lingering questions about the inner and outer workings of this possibly habitable world. The forthcoming Europa Clipper mission, expected to launch in the mid-2020s, will round out half a century of scientific discovery that started with a modest photo of a mysterious, veiny eyeball.
When it arrives at Europa, the Clipper orbiter will conduct a detailed survey of Europa’s surface, deep interior, thin atmosphere, subsurface ocean, and potentially even smaller active vents. Clipper will try to take images of any plumes and sample the molecules it finds in the atmosphere with its mass spectrometers. It will also seek out a fruitful site from which a future Europa lander could collect a sample. These efforts should further unlock the secrets of Europa and its potential for life.
Other Goddard researchers on Paganini’s team included Geronimo Villanueva, Michael Mumma, and Terry Hurford. Kurt Retherford, from Southwest Research Institute, also contributed to the research.
Credits: NASA Goddard
Click to view the Spanish-language version of this story: https://ciencia.nasa.gov/cient%C3%ADficos-de-la-nasa-confirman-vapor-de-agua-en-europa
Spanish-language version of the video: https://youtu.be/jftSM5yAIyA
By Lonnie Shekhtman
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.

Media contact:
Nancy Neal Jones
301-286-0039
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
Last Updated: Nov. 19, 2019
Editor: Svetlana Shekhtman

Water Vapor Plumes on Europa

Two of a Space Kind: Apollo 12 and Mars 2020 | NASA

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Two of a Space Kind: Apollo 12 and Mars 2020 | NASA



Two of a Space Kind: 

Apollo 12 and Mars 2020

 Apollo 12 astronaut Charles “Pete” Conrad Jr. stands beside NASA's Surveyor 3 spacecraft and artist's concept of Mars rover
(Left) Apollo 12 astronaut Charles “Pete” Conrad Jr. stands beside NASA's Surveyor 3 spacecraft; the lunar module Intrepid can be seen in the distance. Apollo 12 landed on the Moon's Ocean of Storms on Nov. 20, 1969. (Right) Mars 2020 rover, seen here in an artist's concept, will make history's most accurate landing on a planetary body when it lands at Mars' Jezero Crater on Feb. 18, 2021.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech
To see vintage NASA documentary on Apollo 12 click here.
Fifty years ago today, during their second moonwalk, Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr. and Alan Bean became the first humans to reach out and touch a spacecraft that had previously landed on another celestial body. NASA's 1969 Apollo 12 Moon mission and the upcoming Mars 2020 mission to the Red Planet may be separated by half a century and targets that are 100 million miles apart, but they share several mission goals unique in the annals of space exploration.
"We on the Mars 2020 project feel a special kinship with the crew of Apollo 12," said John McNamee, Mars 2020 project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "They achieved the first precision landing, deployed the most advanced suite of science instruments of the time, and were the first to interact with another spacecraft that put down on another world. That's all part of the Mars 2020 playbook as well."
NASA needed Apollo 12 to prove a precision landing was possible because future Apollo missions would target locations in the lunar highlands, where mountains, massive craters, boulder fields and rilles could ruin their day if the lunar modules strayed from their prescribed landing path. And while the previous mission, Apollo 11, was a monumental success, it overshot its intended landing site in the Sea of Tranquility by about 4 miles (6 kilometers).
Apollo 12 lunar module pilot Alan Bean holds a container of lunar soil
Apollo 12 lunar module pilot Alan Bean holds a container of lunar soil, with the reflection of mission commander Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr. visible on his visor. The image was taken on the Moon's Ocean of Storms on Nov. 20, 1969. Apollo 12's lunar activities included the deployment of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), finding NASA's Surveyor 3 spacecraft (which landed on the Moon on April 19, 1967), and collecting 75 pounds (34 kilograms) of rock samples.
Credits: NASA
To demonstrate a precision landing, Apollo 12 mission planners could have chosen just about anywhere on the nearside of the Moon by targeting any of literally millions of known geologic features. In the end, they chose for Pete and Al a relatively nondescript crater in the Ocean of Storms because JPL had plunked down a spacecraft there two-and-a-half years earlier.
"When Pete and Al put the lunar module Intrepid down within about 520 feet [160 meters] of Surveyor 3, it gave NASA the confidence to later send Apollo 15 to Hadley Rille, Apollo 16 to go to the Descartes Highlands and Apollo 17 to land at Taurus Littrow," said McNamee. "We also have to be precise with our landing on Mars — not only to pave the way for future precision landings on the Red Planet for both robotic and human-crewed missions, but also because Mars 2020's scientifically appealing landing site at Jezero Crater has all sorts of cliffsides, sand dunes, boulders and craters that can adversely affect us during landing."
Mars 2020 will be history's first planetary mission to include terrain relative navigation, a computerized autopilot that utilizes optical imagers and computers to help Mars 2020 avoid landing hazards and make the most accurate landing on a planetary body in history.
Sweet Suite Science
There are other similarities. During their first moonwalk, Conrad and Bean deployed the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments package (ALSEP). Powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator, the five science instruments (seismometer, atmospheric sensor, solar wind spectrometer, lunar dust collector and magnetic field sensor) were the most advanced ever to be carried to another celestial body, and they sent back groundbreaking data on the lunar environment from November 1969 to September 1977. When Mars 2020 alights at Jezero Crater, it also will be equipped with the most advanced science instruments ever to travel to another world.
"The science instruments we carry benefit not only from advances in technology, but the hard lessons learned by those missions of exploration, including Apollo, that preceded us," said Ken Farley, project scientist for Mars 2020 from Caltech in Pasadena. "Our seven state-of-the-art science tools will help us acquire the most information possible about Martian geology, atmosphere, environmental conditions, and potential biosignatures, giving us insight into the Red Planet like never before."
Apollo 12 astronauts
Apollo 12 astronauts (left to right) lunar module pilot Alan Bean, command module pilot Richard Gordon and commander Charles “Pete” Conrad Jr. relax during a flight rehearsal in the Apollo mission simulator.
Credits: NASA
Return to Sender
During their second moonwalk, Conrad and Bean reached the Surveyor 3 lander — one of the robotic missions that explored the Moon in advance of astronauts. They not only collected images and samples of the lunar surface surrounding the spacecraft, but cut, sawed and hacked parts off the three-legged spacecraft, including Surveyor's TV camera and its surface-soil sampling scoop.
"NASA wanted to see what happened to materials that were exposed to the lunar environment for an extended period," said McNamee. "To this day, the samples of Surveyor 3, which endured 31 months at the Ocean of Storms, are our best and only demonstrations of the natural processes that can affect spacecraft components left on the Moon."
A graphic novel chronicling the historic flight of Apollo 12
A graphic novel chronicling the historic flight of Apollo 12.
Credits: NASA/PPG
One of Mars 2020's major mission goals is to seek signs of past microscopic life, collecting the most compelling rock core and Martian dust samples. Subsequent missions, currently under consideration by NASA, would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis. To help engineers design spacesuits to shield astronauts from the elements, NASA is sending five samples of spacesuit material along with one of Mars 2020's science instruments, called Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals (SHERLOC). A piece of an astronaut's helmet and four kinds of fabric are mounted on the calibration target for this instrument. Scientists will use SHERLOC, as well as a camera that photographs visible light, to study how the materials degrade in ultraviolet radiation. It will mark the first time spacesuit material has been sent to Mars for testing and will provide a vital comparison for ongoing testing at NASA's Johnson Space Center.
Robots First, Astronauts Later
Just as NASA's Surveyor missions helped blaze a trail for Neil and Buzz on Apollo 11, Pete and Al on 12, as well as Al and Ed (Apollo 14), Dave and Jim (Apollo 15), John and Charlie (Apollo 16), and Gene and Harrison (Apollo 17), Mars 2020 is helping set the tone for future crewed missions to Mars.
Mars 2020's landing system includes a suite of sensors that will document the descent to the surface in never-seen-before detail so that future robotic and crewed missions factor those details into their landings. When on the surface, the rover's MOXIE instrument is designed to demonstrate that converting Martian carbon dioxide to pure oxygen is possible, and RIMFAX could teach us how to use ground-penetrating radar so that future missions can use it to find sources of fresh water.
"Isaac Newton once wrote, 'If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants,'" said McNamee. "When Mars 2020 flies, it will allow us to see farther into the geologic history of the Red Planet than ever before — and that is happening because we too are standing on the shoulders of giants — giants like the crew of Apollo 12."
The launch period for Mars 2020 opens on July 17, 2020. It will land at Mars' Jezero Crater on Feb. 18, 2021.
For more information about the mission, visit:
DC Agle
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-393-9011
agle@jpl.nasa.gov
Alana Johnson
NASA Headquarters, Washington
202-672-4780
alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov
2019-232
Last Updated: Nov. 20, 2019
Editor: Tony Greicius

Stars Are Being Born in the Depths of a Black Hole | NASA

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Stars Are Being Born in the Depths of a Black Hole | NASA



Stars Are Being Born 

in the Depths of a Black Hole

Image of Phoenix Cluster.
Located about 5.8 billion light years from Earth in the Phoenix Constellation, astronomers have confirmed the first example of a galaxy cluster where large numbers of stars are being born at its core. 
Galaxy clusters are the largest structures in the cosmos that are held together by gravity, consisting of hundreds or thousands of galaxies embedded in hot gas, as well as invisible dark matter. The largest supermassive black holes known are in galaxies at the centers of these clusters.
For decades, astronomers have looked for galaxy clusters containing rich nurseries of stars in their central galaxies. Instead, they found powerful, giant black holes pumping out energy through jets of high-energy particles and keeping the gas too warm to form many stars.
Now, scientists have compelling evidence for a galaxy cluster where stars are forming at a furious rate, apparently linked to a less effective black hole in its center. In this unique cluster, the jets from the central black hole instead appear to be aiding in the formation of stars. Researchers used new data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope, and the NSF’s Karl Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) to build on previous observations of this cluster.
Image Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/G.Schellenberger et al.; Optical:SDSS
Last Updated: Nov. 20, 2019
Editor: Yvette Smith

NASA Data Helps Assess Landslide Risk in Rohingya Refugee Camps | NASA

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NASA Data Helps Assess Landslide Risk in Rohingya Refugee Camps | NASA



NASA and Columbia University scientists and staff review the landslide potential at a Rohingya refugee camp.

NASA Data Helps Assess 

Landslide Risk in 

Rohingya Refugee Camps

NASA and Columbia University scientists and staff survey efforts to halt additional land loss at a Rohingya refugee camp.
NASA and Columbia University scientists and staff survey efforts to halt additional land loss at a Rohingya refugee camp with UN partners in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Tarps help prevent rainfall from infiltrating the soil and destabilizing the hillside.
Credits: UN Development Programme/Eno Jonathan
Camp managers and other local officials overseeing Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh are now incorporating NASA satellite observations into their decision making in order to reduce the risk to refugees from landslides and other natural hazards. Information like daily rain totals can help inform how  to lay out refugee camps and store supplies.
More than 740,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to Bangladesh since August 2017. Many of them have sought shelter in camps located in the hilly countryside, where landslide risk may be the greatest. Increasing this danger is Bangladesh’s intense monsoon season. Approximately 80 percent of Bangladesh's yearly rain falls in just five months, from June to October, bringing with it an increased risk of flash flooding and landslides.
When these refugee camps were built in the southeastern part of the country, plants and trees were removed and their roots no longer helped to hold the soil in place. The soaked hillsides are at even greater risk of cleaving off with heavy rains. In July 2019, after 14 inches of rain fell in 72 hours, 26 landslides in Rohingya refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, killed one person and left more than 4,500 without shelter.
“We have little information on landslides," said Hafizol Islam, who is in charge of one of the most densely populated camps of the Kutupalong mega-camp in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. "It is unpredictable for us and can happen at any time.”
Now Islam and other camp managers have access to maps and a daily-updated website that provides near real-time NASA data on land use, rainfall and elevation from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites. Taken together, these maps and data provide a clearer picture of when and where landslide hazard is concentrated.
NASA supports efforts that enable innovative uses of Earth science data for decision-making by a variety of users, from disaster response managers to businesses and humanitarian aid organizations to help improve the quality of life and strengthen the economy.
"With landslides, flash floods and rapid development, the terrain of these camps is constantly changing," said Robert Emberson, NASA Postdoctoral Program fellow at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
Image of a refugee campsite in Bangladesh.
Refugee camps built in the Bangladeshi hillside are vulnerable to sudden landslides.
Credits: UN Development Programme/Eno Jonathan
Emberson and other researchers from NASA’s Earth Applied Sciences Disasters Program and Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) are using new approaches to work alongside humanitarian end-users and develop products to address pressing needs in vulnerable settings. During a workshop and field visit this August to Cox’s Bazar, the NASA and IRI team worked with UN partners to bolster their understanding and integration of landslide hazard products, while also learning about the different needs of humanitarian actors.
"This partnership has provided an iterative dialogue that enables us to develop NASA products as the changes occur, and supports the different timelines of hazard-related actions," said Emberson. The partnership is the first of its kind to seek the feedback of the people affected about the decisions made and actions needed. It is also the first to develop maps based on this input.
The need for coordination is pressing. Bangladesh has seen steadily increasing rainfall totals over the past 50 years, and in addition to making monsoons in Asia more extreme, climate change may be doubling the likelihood of extreme rainfall events even before monsoon season begins. The results can be devastating: In September 2019, nearly 20,000 refugees were affected by 16 different floods, including 2,000 refugees who were affected by new landslides.
The mechanism for coordination of the UN and NGO response to the Rohingya crisis is the Inter-Sector Coordination Group, which has adopted and endorsed the resulting landslide susceptibility map as the official common reference map for hazard assessment and risk reduction investments. This information is helping the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other UN agencies plan risk reduction and hazard mitigation within the camps.
The partnership with NASA and IRI helps the UN agencies to assess risks like landslides or flash flooding and supports the disaster management in a scientific way to save lives and reduce damages in the refugee camps,” said Cathrine Haarsaker, project manager for the UNDP Disaster Risk Management in Cox's Bazar Programme.
Shanna McClain, NASA Earth Science’s lead for Risk Reduction and Resilience in the Disasters Program, said this work is part of NASA’s efforts to integrate the needs of users into the early stages of developing data products and analyses. “These partnerships are reciprocal – we’re learning from each other,” McClain said. “The insight and expertise from local decision makers is informing NASA’s work and how we shape the products we provide.”
Goddard’s Emberson said seeing the camps in person brought home the importance of connecting with the people on the ground. “Working with satellite data can sometimes feel quite abstract and separate from the people within the images,” he said. “Visiting the camps not only helped us understand more about the specific problems associated with landsliding to help improve our models in the future, but also drove home the human side to this disaster, emphasizing the urgency of our work.”
Andrew Kruczkiewicz of IRI is one of the principal investigators of the project. "We need to understand if, why and when existing risk information is being used,” he said. “This strengthens the development of data services for humanitarian emergencies, where decisions and priorities change rapidly. Working in teams that bridge traditional professional and disciplinary boundaries gives data and climate scientists the opportunity to learn more about decision making in specialized contexts.” 
Next steps for the partnership between NASA, IRI and the UN agencies include the integration of different hazard types affecting the area, such as flash floods, and incorporating additional data that can more closely speak to the exposure of roads and buildings to these hazards. The team is co-developing the information with UNDP, the International Organization for Migration, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, and the Inter-Sector Coordination Group for Cox’s Bazar through the Connecting Earth Observations to Decision Makers for Preparedness Actions project.
The organizers say their partnership will serve as a template for future science-driven data development and integration for humanitarian efforts in complex settings.
Lia Poteet
NASA Earth Science Division Applied Sciences Program, Washington
Last Updated: Nov. 19, 2019
Editor: Brian Dunbar

Third Rock Radio | NASA

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Third Rock Radio | NASA



NASA Third Rock Radio logo.

Third Rock Radio

Explore and discover new worlds of music with NASA’s Third Rock Radio. RFC Media matches “new rock discovery” with tales of NASA’s exciting, on-going mission to create one of the most talked about digital radio channels on, or off the planet. Third Rock fans worldwide share their discoveries from Music Explorers who present ”the best new rock out there – really out there!”
Third Rock’s disarmingly hip, street-smart context connects and engages young adults and helps NASA deepen relationships with its next generation of avid supporters. Third Rock Radio is a recognized New Media phenomenon attracting the brightest and best, tech-savvy young adults. Third Rock’s audience is a blend of scientists, engineers, researchers, innovators and astronauts, together with students and music lovers everywhere, all of whom share a love for the new and undiscovered.
 
Last Updated: Feb. 21, 2018
Editor: Brian Dunbar

Third Rock Radio - Radio Powered with NASA


SpaceX Launching Research for Better Earth Images, Easier Leak Checks | NASA

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SpaceX Launching Research for Better Earth Images, Easier Leak Checks | NASA



Chapman Glacier as viewed from orbit

Research Launching on 

SpaceX Dragon to Enable 

Better Earth Images, 

Easier Leak Checks

astronauts testing a robotics tool during underwater training
The Robotics Tool Stowage (RiTS) undergoes testing in the Neutral Buoyancy Lab at the Johnson Space Center. The RiTS will allow for the Robotic External Leak Locator to be stored outside the space station, eliminating crew time needed to transport it into space.
Credits: NASA
animated gif of barley seeds germinating inside test tubes
Barley germinating on the International Space Station as part of Budweiser's experiment, Barley Germination, which launched on SpaceX CRS-13.
Credits: Space Tango
researchers with aztechsat-1 cubesat hardware
The AzTechSat-1, a CubeSat soon on its way to the space station to demonstrate communication with the Globalstar Constellation satellite network, during its final hardware integration.
Credits: Andres Martinez, NASA Ames
Confined Combustion hardware
Preflight imagery of Confined Combustion in the MSG Ground Integration Unit. Confined Combustion examines the behavior of flame as it spreads in differently-shaped confined spaces in microgravity.
Credits: Chris Rogers
Chapman Glacier as viewed from orbit
This image of the Chapman Glacier, located on Ellesmere Island in Canada, was taken by ASTER. Formed by the merger of several smaller glaciers, rocky debris on top of the glacier clearly marks the edge of each glacier. The JAXA Hyperspectral Imager Suite (HISUI) is a follow-on to ASTER, serving as a next-generation, space-borne hyperspectral Earth imaging system.
Credits: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Space Systems, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team
The 19th SpaceX Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-19) contract mission for NASA carries a variety of cutting-edge scientific experiments to the International Space Station. The Dragon cargo spacecraft blasts off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on a Falcon 9 rocket no earlier than Dec. 4, 2019. Its payloads include investigations studying malting barley in microgravity, the spread of fire and bone and muscle loss, which will be added to the dozens of research projects already under way aboard the microgravity lab. The space station, entering its 20th year of continuous human presence, provides opportunities for research by government agencies, private industry, and academic and research institutions. Such research supports Artemis, NASA’s missions to the Moon and Mars, and leads to new technologies, medical treatments and products that improve life on Earth.
Read more about some of the scientific investigations riding on Dragon to the orbiting laboratory on CRS-19.
A Better Picture of Earth’s Surface
The Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) Hyperspectral Imager Suite (HISUI) is a next-generation, hyperspectral Earth imaging system. Hyperspectral imaging has high resolution across all colors of the light spectrum, providing more information about the characteristics and physical properties of a target. Every material on the Earth’s surface – soil, rocks, vegetation, snow, ice and human-made objects – reflects a unique spectrum of light, making it possible to identify specific materials in an image.
HISUI provides in-flight performance verification of the system and its acquisition of data, as well as its usefulness for various tasks such as resource exploration and applications in agriculture, forestry and other environmental areas. This investigation is a follow-on to the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s TERRA satellite.
Malting Barley in Microgravity
Barley contains antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. Malting converts starches from the raw grain into various sugars suitable for use in brewing, distilling and food production. Understanding how barley responds to microgravity could identify ways to adapt it for nutritional use on long-duration spaceflights. Malting ABI Voyager Barley Seeds in Microgravity tests an automated malting procedure and compares malt produced in space and on the ground for genetic and structural changes.
Communicating Satellite to Satellite
The AztechSat-1 investigation demonstrates communication between a CubeSat and the GlobalStar Constellation satellite network in low-Earth orbit. Such communication could reduce the need for ground stations, lowering the cost and increasing the number of data downloads possible for satellite applications. Inter-satellite communication is critical to future human space exploration. Its reduced cost and increased data capability also could improve many satellite-based services used by people on Earth. The CubeSat will be deployed from the International Space Station’s Japanese Experiment Module airlock. This is the first CubeSat built by students in Mexico that will launch from the space station.
The Spread of Fire
Understanding how fire spreads and behaves in space is crucial for the safety of future astronauts and for understanding and controlling fire here on Earth. The Confined Combustion investigation examines the behavior of flame as it spreads in differently-shaped confined spaces in microgravity. More specifically, it will look at the interactions between spreading flames and surrounding walls. The spread of flames in confined spaces (such as buildings and vehicles) may pose a more serious fire hazard than flame spread in open spaces because of acceleration caused by heat radiating back from the surrounding walls. Studying flames in microgravity gives researchers a better look at the underlying physics and basic principles of combustion by removing gravity from the equation.
Keeping Bones and Muscles Strong
The goal of Rodent Research-19 (RR-19) is to investigate a proposed method of preventing bone and muscle loss. The human body evolved within the constant pull of Earth’s gravity. Astronauts have to exercise for multiple hours every day to prevent bone and muscle atrophy during their stays in space. Bone and muscle atrophy also occurs during normal aging, due to a sedentary lifestyle and during illnesses. RR-19 investigates myostatin (MSTN) and activin, molecular signaling pathways that influence muscle degradation, as possible targets for preventing muscle and bone loss during spaceflight and enhancing recovery following return to Earth. This study also could support the development of therapies for a wide range of conditions that cause muscle and bone loss on Earth.
Checking for Leaks
Nobody wants a spacecraft to spring a leak – but if it happens, the best thing you can do is locate and fix it, fast. That is why NASA launched the Robotic External Leak Locator (RELLin 2015, and a second RELL in April 2019. Operators can use these tools with the Dextre robot to quickly detect leaks outside of station and help engineers formulate a plan to resolve an issue. On CRS-19, NASA is now launching the Robotic Tool Stowage (RiTS), a docking station that allows the RELL units to be stored on the outside of space station, making it quicker and simpler to deploy the instruments. Outside storage eliminates the need to rely on crew member and airlock availability to move a unit to the outside. These capabilities can be applied to any place that humans live in space, including Gateway and eventually habitats on the Moon, Mars and beyond.
Measuring Gravity From Space
CRS-19 carries upgrades for the Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL), a multi-use facility that produces clouds of atoms chilled to temperatures much colder than deep space. Atoms have almost no motion at such low temperatures, making it possible to study fundamental behaviors and quantum characteristics that are difficult or impossible to probe at higher temperatures. Microgravity may allow for cooling to even colder temperatures than on the ground, and also allows researchers to observe atom clouds for longer periods of time. The new package launching on CRS-19 will include hardware that will allow scientists to make subtle measurements of gravity. This could enable scientists to probe fundamental theories of gravity and lead to the development of improved sensors that can be used for spacecraft navigation and to study Earth's climate.
These are just a few of the many investigations currently being conducted aboard the orbiting laboratory. For daily updates, follow @ISS_ResearchSpace Station Research and Technology News or our Facebook. Follow the ISS National Lab for information on its sponsored investigations. For opportunities to see the space station pass over your town, check out Spot the Station.
Melissa Gaskill
International Space Station Program Science Office
Johnson Space Center
Last Updated: Nov. 20, 2019
Editor: Michael Johnson

Hubble Studies Gamma-Ray Burst With Highest Energy Ever Seen | NASA

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Hubble Studies Gamma-Ray Burst With Highest Energy Ever Seen | NASA



Hubble Studies Gamma-Ray 

Burst With Highest Energy 

Ever Seen

NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has given astronomers a peek at the location of the most energetic outburst ever seen in the universe — a blast of gamma-rays a trillion times more powerful than visible light. That’s because in a few seconds the gamma-ray burst (GRB) emitted more energy than the Sun will provide over its entire 10-billion year life.
In January 2019, an extremely bright and long-duration GRB was detected by a suite of telescopes, including NASA’s Swift and Fermi telescopes, as well as by the Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) telescopes on the Canary islands. Follow-up observations were made with Hubble to study the environment around the GRB and find out how this extreme emission is produced.
“Hubble’s observations suggest that this particular burst was sitting in a very dense environment, right in the middle of a bright galaxy 5 billion light years away. This is really unusual, and suggests that this concentrated location might be why it produced this exceptionally powerful light,” explained one of the lead authors, Andrew Levan of the Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics Department of Astrophysics at Radboud University in the Netherlands.
illustration of gamma-ray burst
New observations from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have investigated the nature of the powerful gamma-ray burst GRB 190114C by studying its environment. Shown in this illustration, gamma-ray bursts are the most powerful explosions in the universe. They emit most of their energy in gamma rays, light which is much more energetic than the visible light we can see with our eyes. Hubble’s observations suggest that this particular burst displayed such powerful emission because the collapsing star was sitting in a very dense environment, right in the middle of a bright galaxy 5 billion light years away.
Credits: NASA, ESA and M. Kornmesser
“Scientists have been trying to observe very high energy emission from gamma-ray bursts for a long time,” explained lead author Antonio de Ugarte Postigo of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía in Spain. "This new Hubble observation of accompanying lower-energy radiation from the region is a vital step in our understanding of gamma-ray bursts [and] their immediate surroundings."
The complementary Hubble observations reveal that the GRB occurred within the central region of a massive galaxy. Researchers say that this is a denser environment than typically observed (for GRBs) and could have been crucial for the generation of the very-high-energy radiation that was observed. The host galaxy of the GRB is actually one of a pair of colliding galaxies. The galaxy interactions may have contributed to spawning the outburst.
Known as GRB 190114C, some of the radiation detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed. Scientists have been trying to observe such very high energy emission from GRBs for a long time, so this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics, say researchers.
Previous observations revealed that to achieve this energy, material must be emitted from a collapsing star at 99.999% the speed of light. This material is then forced through the gas that surrounds the star, causing a shock that creates the gamma-ray burst itself.

Claire Andreoli
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
301-286-1940
claire.andreoli@nasa.gov
Ray Villard
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore
410-338-4514
villard@stsci.edu
Andrew Levan
Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University, The Netherlands
+44 7714250373
a.levan@astro.ru.nl
Last Updated: Nov. 21, 2019
Editor: Rob Garner

NASA Applying AI Technologies to Problems in Space Science | NASA

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NASA Applying AI Technologies to Problems in Space Science | NASA



Solar system



NASA Takes a Cue From 

Silicon Valley to Hatch 

Artificial Intelligence Technologies

Could the same computer algorithms that teach autonomous cars to drive safely help identify nearby asteroids or discover life in the universe? NASA scientists are trying to figure that out by partnering with pioneers in artificial intelligence (AI) — companies such as Intel, IBM and Google — to apply advanced computer algorithms to problems in space science. 
Machine learning is a type of AI. It describes the most widely used algorithms and other tools that allow computers to learn from data in order to make predictions and categorize objects much faster and more accurately than a human being can. Consequently, machine learning is widely used to help technology companies recognize faces in photos or predict what movies people would enjoy. But some scientists see applications far beyond Earth.
Giada Arney, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, hopes machine learning can help her and her colleagues find a needle of life in a haystack of data that will be collected by future telescopes and observatories such as NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope.
“These technologies are very important, especially for big data sets and especially in the exoplanet field,” Arney says. “Because the data we’re going to get from future observations is going to be sparse and noisy. It’s going to be really hard to understand. So using these kinds of tools has so much potential to help us.”
To help scientists like Arney build cutting-edge research tools, NASA’s Frontier Development Lab, or FDL, brings together technology and space innovators for eight weeks every summer to brainstorm and develop computer code. The four-year-old program is a partnership between the SETI Institute and NASA’s Ames Research Center, both based in Silicon Valley where startup-hatching incubators that bring talented people together to accelerate the development of breakthrough technologies are abundant.
In NASA’s version, FDL pairs science and computer engineering early-career doctoral students with experts from the space agency, academia, and some of the world’s biggest technology companies. Partner companies contribute various combinations of hardware, algorithms, super-compute resources, funding, facilities and subject-matter experts. All of the AI techniques developed at FDL will be publicly available, with some already helping identify asteroids, find planets, and predict extreme solar radiation events.
“FDL feels like some really good musicians with different instruments getting together for a jam session in the garage, finding something really cool, and saying, 'Hey we’ve got a band here,’” says Shawn Domagal-Goldman, a NASA Goddard astrobiologist who, together with Arney, mentored an FDL team in 2018. Their team developed a machine learning technique for scientists who aim to study the atmospheres of exoplanets, or planets beyond our solar system.
These Goddard scientists hope to one day use advanced machine learning techniques to quickly interpret data revealing the chemistry of exoplanets based on the wavelengths of light emitted or absorbed by molecules in their atmospheres. Since thousands of exoplanets have been discovered so far, making quick decisions about which ones have the most promising chemistry associated with habitability could help winnow down the candidates to only a few that deserve further, and costly, investigation.
An animated representation of all the multi-planet systems discovered in the Milky Way galaxy by NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope as of Oct. 30, 2018. The systems are shown together at the same scale as our Solar System (dashed lines).
Credits: Ethan Kruse/NASA Goddard
To this end, the FDL team Arney and Domagal-Goldman helped advise, with technical support from Google AI, deployed a technique known as a “neural network.” This technology can solve super complicated problems in a process analogous to the workings of the brain. In a neural network, billions of “neurons,” which are nerve cells in the brain that help us form memories and make decisions, connect with billions of others to process and transmit information. University of Oxford computer science graduate student, Adam Cobb, along with Michael D. Himes, a physics graduate student from the University of Central Florida, led a study to test the capability of a “Bayesian” neural network against a widely used machine learning technique known as a “random forest.” Another researcher team not associated with FDL had already used this latter method to analyze the atmosphere of WASP-12b, an exoplanet discovered in 2008, based on mountains of data collected by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. Could the Bayesian neural network do better, the team wondered?
“We found out right away that the neural network had better accuracy than random forest in identifying the abundance of various molecules in WASP-12b’s atmosphere,” Cobb says.
But besides better accuracy, the Bayesian technique offered something equally as critical: it could tell the scientists how certain it was about its prediction. “In places where the data weren’t good enough to give a really accurate result, this model was better at knowing that it wasn’t sure of the answer, which is really important if we are to trust these predictions,” Domagal-Goldman says.
While the technique developed by this team is still in development, other FDL technologies have already been adopted in the real world. By 2017, FDL participants developed a machine learning program that could quickly create 3D models of nearby asteroids, accurately estimating their shapes, sizes, and spin rates. This information is critical to NASA’s efforts to detect and deflect threatening asteroids from Earth.
Traditionally, astronomers use simple computer software to develop 3D models. The software analyzes many radar measurements of a moving asteroid and then helps scientists infer its physical properties based on changes in the radar signal.
“An adept astronomer with standard compute resources, could shape a single asteroid in one to three months,” says Bill Diamond, SETI’s president and chief executive officer. “So the question for the research team was: Can we speed it up?”
3-D model of asteroid Eros
A 3D model of asteroid Eros.
Credits: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio
The answer was yes. The team, which included students from France, South Africa and the United States, plus mentors from academia and from technology company Nvidia, developed an algorithm that could render an asteroid in as little as four days. Today, the technique is used by astronomers at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico to do nearly real-time shape modeling of asteroids.
The asteroid modeling, along with exoplanetary atmosphere analysis, are a couple of FDL examples that show the promise in applying sophisticated algorithms to the volumes of data collected by NASA’s more than 100 missions.
As NASA heliophysicist Madhulika (Lika) Guhathakurta notes, the space agency gathers about 2 gigabytes of data (and growing) every 15 seconds from its fleet of spacecraft. “But we analyze only a fraction of that data, because we have limited people, time and resources. That is why we need to utilize these tools more,” she says.
Image of the Sun
An image of the Sun captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory on Oct. 27, 2014. It shows a large active region (bottom right) erupting in a flare.
Credits: NASA/GSFC/SDO
A lead on missions focused on understanding and predicting the Sun’s effects on Earth, technology and astronauts in space, Guhathakurta has been with FDL for the last three years and has been a key architect in shaping this program. She supported a team in 2018 that resolved a problem with a malfunctioning sensor on NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), a spacecraft that studies the Sun's influence on Earth and near-Earth space.
Back in 2014, just four years after the mission launched, a sensor stopped returning data related to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation levels — information that correlates with a ballooning of the Earth's outer atmosphere and thus affects the longevity of satellites, including the International Space Station. So computer science doctoral students from Stanford University and University of Amsterdam, among others, with mentors from organizations including IBM, Lockheed Martin, and SETI, developed a technique that could, essentially, fill in the missing data from the broken sensor. Their computer program could do this by analyzing data from other SDO instruments, along with old data collected by the broken sensor during the four years it was working, to infer what EUV radiation levels that sensor would have detected based on what the other SDO instruments were observing at any given time. “We generated, basically, a virtual sensor,” Guhathakurta says.
The potential of this type of this instrument is not lost on anyone. SETI head, Diamond, imagines a future where these virtual tools are incorporated on spacecraft, a practice that would allow for lighter, less complex and therefore cheaper missions. Domagal-Goldman and Arney envisage future exoplanet missions where AI technologies embedded on spacecraft are smart enough to make real-time science decisions, saving the many hours necessary to communicate with scientists on Earth.
“AI methods will help us free up processing power from our own brains by doing a lot of the initial legwork on difficult tasks,” Arney says. “But these methods won’t replace humans any time soon, because we’ll still need to check the results.”
Bannier image: Our solar system features eight planets, seen in this artist’s diagram. This representation is intentionally fanciful, as the planets are depicted far closer together than they really are. Credit: NASA/JPL. Download image here.
By Lonnie Shekhtman
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
Last Updated: Nov. 19, 2019
Editor: Svetlana Shekhtman

Animated Representation of Multi-Planet Systems Discovered by Kepler Spa...

First Detection of Sugars in Meteorites Gives Clues to Origin of Life

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First Detection of Sugars in Meteorites Gives Clues to Origin of Life



First Detection of Sugars 

in Meteorites Gives Clues 

to Origin of Life

An international team has found sugars essential to life in meteorites. The new discovery adds to the growing list of biologically important compounds that have been found in meteorites, supporting the hypothesis that chemical reactions in asteroids – the parent bodies of many meteorites – can make some of life’s ingredients. If correct, meteorite bombardment on ancient Earth may have assisted the origin of life with a supply of life’s building blocks.
Image of asteroid Bennu
This is a mosaic image of asteroid Bennu, from NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. The discovery of sugars in meteorites supports the hypothesis that chemical reactions in asteroids – the parent bodies of many meteorites – can make some of life’s ingredients.
Credits: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona
The team discovered ribose and other bio-essential sugars including arabinose and xylose in two different meteorites that are rich in carbon, NWA 801 (type CR2) and Murchison (type CM2). Ribose is a crucial component of RNA (ribonucleic acid). In much of modern life, RNA serves as a messenger molecule, copying genetic instructions from the DNA molecule (deoxyribonucleic acid) and delivering them to molecular factories within the cell called ribosomes that read the RNA to build specific proteins needed to carry out life processes.
“Other important building blocks of life have been found in meteorites previously, including amino acids (components of proteins) and nucleobases (components of DNA and RNA), but sugars have been a missing piece among the major building blocks of life,” said Yoshihiro Furukawa of Tohoku University, Japan, lead author of the study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences November 18. “The research provides the first direct evidence of ribose in space and the delivery of the sugar to Earth. The extraterrestrial sugar might have contributed to the formation of RNA on the prebiotic Earth which possibly led to the origin of life.”
Artist's concept of meteors impacting ancient Earth
Artist’s concept of meteors impacting ancient Earth. Some scientists think such impacts may have delivered water and other molecules useful to emerging life on Earth.
Credits: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab
“It is remarkable that a molecule as fragile as ribose could be detected in such ancient material,” said Jason Dworkin, a co-author of the study at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “These results will help guide our analyses of pristine samples from primitive asteroids Ryugu and Bennu, to be returned by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Hayabusa2 and NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft.”
model of ribose molecule with meteorite
This is a model of the molecular structure of ribose and an image of the Murchison meteorite. Ribose and other sugars were found in this meteorite.
Credits: Yoshihiro Furukawa
An enduring mystery regarding the origin of life is how biology could have arisen from non-biological chemical processes. DNA is the template for life, carrying the instructions for how to build and operate a living organism. However, RNA also carries information, and many researchers think it evolved first and was later replaced by DNA. This is because RNA molecules have capabilities that DNA lacks. RNA can make copies of itself without “help” from other molecules, and it can also initiate or speed up chemical reactions as a catalyst. The new work gives some evidence to support the possibility that RNA coordinated the machinery of life before DNA.
“The sugar in DNA (2-deoxyribose) was not detected in any of the meteorites analyzed in this study,” said Danny Glavin, a co-author of the study at NASA Goddard. “This is important since there could have been a delivery bias of extraterrestrial ribose to the early Earth which is consistent with the hypothesis that RNA evolved first.”
The team discovered the sugars by analyzing powdered samples of the meteorites using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, which sorts and identifies molecules by their mass and electric charge. They found that the abundances of ribose and the other sugars ranged from 2.3 to 11 parts per billion in NWA 801 and from 6.7 to 180 parts per billion in Murchison. 
Since Earth is awash with life, the team had to consider the possibility that the sugars in the meteorites simply came from contamination by terrestrial life. Multiple lines of evidence indicate contamination is unlikely, including isotope analysis. Isotopes are versions of an element with different mass due to the number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. For example, life on Earth prefers to use the lighter variety of carbon (12C) over the heavier version (13C). However, the carbon in the meteorite sugars was significantly enriched in the heavy 13C, beyond the amount seen in terrestrial biology, supporting the conclusion that it came from space.
The team plans to analyze more meteorites to get a better idea of the abundance of the extraterrestrial sugars. They also plan to see if the extraterrestrial sugar molecules have a left-handed or right-handed bias. Some molecules come in two varieties that are mirror images of each other, like your hands. On Earth, life uses left-handed amino acids and right-handed sugars. Since it’s possible that the opposite would work fine – right-handed amino acids and left-handed sugars – scientists want to know where this preference came from. If some process in asteroids favors the production of one variety over the other, then maybe the supply from space via meteorite impacts made that variety more abundant on ancient Earth, which made it more likely that life would end up using it.
The research was funded by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (science grant), the National Institutes of Natural Sciences Astrobiology Center, Japan, the Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, the Simons Foundation, and the NASA Astrobiology Institute, Goddard Center for Astrobiology. Jason Dworkin and Danny Glavin are members of the Goddard Center for Astrobiology team.
Bill Steigerwald / Nancy Jones
301-286-8955 / 301-286-0039
Yoshihiro Furukawa
Tohoku University, Japan
Last Updated: Nov. 20, 2019
Editor: Bill Steigerwald
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